BIO. 240-214B: Anatomy and Physiology

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BIO. 240-214B:  Anatomy and Physiology

 

Name……………………………………

 

Final Examination

 

  1. Some neural tissues retain stem cells and thus the capacity to divide and replace lost Which of these special senses can replace its damaged neural receptors?
  2. Olfaction B.  Audition   C.  Equilibrium   D.  A, B, and C    E.  B and C only

 

  1. Gustatory receptors are located
  2. In the eye. B.  In the ear.   C.  On the surface of the tongue.  D.  In the nose.   E.  On

the skin.

 

  1. The largest numbers of taste buds in adults are associated with the
  2. Pharynx. B.  Larynx.    C.  Filiform papillae.   D.  Fungiform papillae.
  3. Circumvallate papillae.

 

  1. Taste buds are monitored by cranial nerves

A   IX, X, XI.    B.  VII, VIII, IX.   C.  VII, IX, X.    D.  V, VII, IX.   E.   IX, XI, XII.

 

  1. The palpebrae
    1. Are controlled by cranial nerves.   Contain tarsal glands.  C)  Cover and protect the eye.  D.  Support the lateral rectus muscles of the eye.  E.   A, B, and C   An

 

  1. The palpebrae are connected at the
  2. Eyelids. B. Lateral and medial canthus.   C.  Lacrimal caruncle.    D.  chalazion.
  3. Conjunctiva.

 

  1. The ________ covers most of the exposed surface of the eye.
  2. Conjunctiva   B.   Cornea   C.   Iris   D.   Anterior chamber    E.   Canthus

 

  1. The part of the eye that determines eye color is the
  2. Conjunctiva. B.  Cornea.    C.   Iris.    D.  Pupil.    E.  Canal of Schlemm.

 

  1. What structure changes the shape of the lens for far and near vision?
  2. Aqueous humor B.   Ciliary body   C.  Iris   D.  Extrinsic eye muscles   E   None,

because the   lens is rigid

 

  1. In the human eye, most refraction occurs when light passes through the
  2. Iris. B.  Cornea.  C.  Lens.    D.  Aqueous humor.    E.  Vitreous humor.

 

  1. The senses of equilibrium and hearing are provided by receptors of the
  2. Membranous endolymph.   B.  Organ of Schlemm.   C.   Inner ear.    D.  Bony

labyrinth.   E    Perilymph.

 

  1. Which of these papillae has no taste buds?
  2. Foliate B.  Fungiform   C.  Filiform   D.  Vallate    E.  None of the above
  1. Among the primary tastes, sensitivity for _____ substances are the highest, and the _____ substances are the lowest.
  1. Glutamine and bitter   B.  Sweet and salty    C.  Salty and Sweet   D.  Bitter and sweet

E   Salty and bitter

 

  1. Palpebrae is another name for
  1. Eyes     B.  Eyelids     C.   Eyebrows   D.  Eyelashes    E.   Conjunctiva
  1. Which of the following cranial nerves innervates an eye muscle?
  1. Optic   B.  Facial    C.   Abducens    D.  Trigeminal   E.   Vagus
  1. The outermost tunic of the eyeball that helps maintain the shape of the eye
  1. Iris     B.    Sclera   C.   Retina       D.   Choroid      E.   Conjunctiva
  1. The transparent anterior portion of the fibrous tunic with more proteoglycans is the
  1. Retina B.   Iris     C.   Cornea     D.   Pupil    E.   Choroid
  1. Which of the structures listed below is part of the vascular tunic?
  1. Iris       B.  Retina    C.  Optic disc     D.   Fovea centtralis   E.   Cornea
  1. Which of the following is (are) associated with retina?
  1. Lens   B.  Ciliary muscle    C.   Canals of Schlemm   D.  Pupil   E.  Rods and cones
  1. A loss of transparency of the ________ is known as a cataract
  1. Canals of Schlemm   B.  Optic disc    C.   Cornea     D.    Lens    E.   Retina
  1. The clinical test for normal eye movement is called the _____ test
  1. H      B.   C      C.     D       D.   B      E.     Q
  1. The vascular tunic with large amount of pigment and numerous blood vessels is the
  1. Retina    B.   Choroid    C.   Pupil     D.    Cornea      E.   Sclera
  1. They are specialized for vision in dim light and permit us to see shapes and movement
  1. Iris     B.   Cones     C.   Rods    D.    Pupil     E.   Cilary body
  1. The innermost tunic of the eyeball is the
  1. Choroid    B.    Retina     C.    Cillary body       D.    Sclera     E.    Iris
  2. Put the following parts of a reflex arc in the correct order beginning with the sensory receptor.

1.Motor receptor 2. Interneuron 3. Effector 4. Sensory neuron 5. Sensory receptor

    1. 5, 1, 2, 3, 4
    2. 5, 3, 2, 4, 1
    3. 5, 4, 3, 2, 1
    4. 5, 2, 3, 4, 1
    5. 5, 4, 2, 1, 3

 

  1. Which is not the function of spinal cord?
  2. Locomotion B.  Reflexes   C.  Blood production   D.  Conduction   D.  B and D
  1. The patellar or the stretch reflex is a classic example of
    1. The golgi tendon reflex
    2. The knee-jerk
    3. The withdrawal reflex
    4. The crossed extensor reflex
    5. Reciprocal reflex

 

  1. Which of the reflexes is the basis for several tests used in neurological examination
    1. The golgi tendon reflex
    2.  The withdrawal reflex
    3.  The alternating reflex
    4. The stretch reflex
    5. Reciprocal reflex

 

  1. A reflex that protects limbs by removing them from painful stimuli is the
    1. The golgi tendon reflex
    2. The knee-jerk
    3. The withdrawal reflex
    4. The crossed extensor reflex
    5. Reciprocal reflex

 

  1. Which is of these is not true of peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
  1. Plexuses B.  Ganglia   C.  Sensory receptors   D.  Brain    E.  Nerves
  1. The central nervous system include the
  1. Ganglia B.  Spinal cord  C.  Spinal nerve   D.  Cranial nerves   E.  Sensory receptors
  1. The nervous system
    1. Monitors internal and external stimuli
    2. Transmits information in the form of action potentials
    3. Interprets or assesses information
    4. Maintains homeostasis
    5. All of the above

 

  1. Protein synthesis in neurons occurs in
  1. Axon B.  Dendrites   C.  Cell body or Soma  D.  Myelin sheath   E.  Node of Ranvier
  1. Axons contain
  1. Trigger zone B.   Foot processes    C.   Nissl bodies    D.  Soma    E.  Nucleus
  1. Dendrites
    1. Are the input part of the neuron
    2. Conduct action potentials away from the cell body
    3. Are generally long and unbranched
    4. Form synapses with the microglia
    5. Contain the trigger zone

 

  1. The cerebrospinal fluid fills the
  2. Epidural space B. Dural sinuses   C.  Subdural sinus   D.  Subarachnoid space   E. None of the above
  1. The cranial nerves responsible for hearing and equlibrium
  1. Facial (VI) B. Trigeminal (V)   C. Vestibulocochlear (VIII)   D .Hypoglossal (XII)   E.  Trochlear (IV)
  1. Facial expression and salivation are regulated by the
  1. Vagus nerve B. Facial nerve   C.  Abducens nerve   D.  Vestibulocochlear nerve   E.  Trigeminal nerve
  1. The brain of an average adult weighs _____ grams and has _____ billion neurons
  1. 1300 and 100 B.  300 and 1300  C.  2000 and 100  D.  100 and 2000   E.  1400 and 400
  1. Arrange the following in order from the diencephalons downward.

1.Medulla  2. Pons  3. Spinal cord  4. Midbrain

    1. 1, 2, 3, 4
    2. 4, 2, 1, 3
    3. 2, 1, 4, 3
    4. 4, 3, 2, 1
    5. 3, 4, 1, 2

 

  1. Difficulty with salivating and inability to swallow might result from damage to the
  1. Vagus nerve B.  Facial nerve   C.  Abducens nerve   D.  Glossopharyngeal

nerve   E.  Trigeminal nerve

 

  1. Which of the following cranial nerves involves in eyeball movement?
  1. Trigeminal B.   Vagus     C.  Facial    D.  Glossopharyngeal    E.  Abducens
  1. Which of the following basal nuclei is located in the cerebrum?
  1. Subthalamic nucleus B.  Red nucleus   C. Substantia nigra   D. Montes nucleus
  2. Corpus stratum

 

  1. Which of the following basal nuclei is located in the midbrain?

A   Caudate nucleus   B.  Lentiform   C.  Ruby nucleus   D.   Substantia nigra

  1. Subthalamic nucleus

 

 

  1. Which of the following basal nuclei is located in the diencephalons?

A   Caudate nucleus   B.  Lentiform   C.  Subthalamic nucleus   D.   Montes nucleus

  1. Substantia nigra

 

  1. White matter tracts that resemble branches of a tree in cerebellum are called

A   Caudate nucleus   B.  Arbor vitae   C.  Substantia nigra   D.  Moglion nucleus

  1. Subthalamic nucleus

 

  1. Which of the following basal nuclei plays a role in Parkinson’s disease?

A  Substantia nigra   B.  Lentiform   C.  Caudate nucleus   D.  Nazario nucleus

  1. Subthalamic nucleus

 

  1. Which of the following activities is not associated with the frontal lobe of cerebrum?
  1. Motivation B.  Memory   C.  Mood   D.  Motivation   E.  Aggression
  1. Which of  these is not the function of the cerebellum?
  1. Balance B.  Eye Movement   C.  Smell   D.  Planning   E.  Locomotion
  1. A lesion in the reticular formation of the upper brainstem may lead to
  1. Parkison,s disease B.    Loss of consciousness (Coma)    C.    Blindness
  2. Loss of hairs E.   All of the above

 

  1. Which of these receptors is involved whenever tissues are damaged?
  1. Pain receptors B.  Chemoreceptors   C.  Mechanoreceptors    D.  Heat receptors    E.  Photoreceptors
  1. Sensory structures that detect taste are
  1. Palates B.  Taste buds    C.  Papillae    D.   Thermoreceptors   D.  Cons  E.
  2. Which part of the brain has a major role both in controlling equilibrium and coordinating fine muscular movement?
  3. Pons B.  Cerebrum   C.  Thalamus   D.  Cerebellum   E.  Hypothalamus

 

  1. Autonomic centers that control blood pressure, heart rate, and digestion are located in the

A  Pons   B.  Medulla oblongata   C.  Midbrain   D.   Diencephalon   E.  Cerebellum

 

  1. Which of the following help to protect the brain?
  2. The blood-brain barrier B.  The bones of the skull   C.  The cranial meninges  D.  The CSF   E.  All of these

 

  1. Which of the following is the innermost of the meninges that cover the brain?

A   Pia mater   B.  Dura mater  C.  Arachnoid mater  D.  Corpus callosum  E.  Arbor vita

 

  1. The _____ provides the principal link between the nervous and endocrine system:

A   Cerebellum   B.  Medulla oblongata   C.  Cerebrum   D. Hypothalamus   E. Pons

 

  1. Sensory information is processed and relayed to the cerebrum by the:

A  Medulla oblongata  B.  Pons   C.  Midbrain   D.  Thalamus   E.  Cerebellum

 

  1. The two cerebral hemispheres are separated from each other by the:

A  Parieto-occipital sulcus   B.  Transverse fissure   C.  Central sulcus   D.  Lateral sulcus   E. Longitudinal fissure

.

  1. Which part of the brain has nerves that carry information between the right and left cerebral hemispheres?
  2. The third ventricle B.  Arbor vitae   C.  Corpus callosum   D.  Thalamus   E.  Pons

 

  1. After suffering a stroke, Mary finds that she cannot move her right arm. This would suggest that the stroke damage is the area of the _______lobe:

A  Right frontal   B.  Left frontal  C.  Right temporal   D.  Left temporal   E.  Occipital

 

  1. After suffering a blow to the back of the head, Phil loses his vision. The blow probably caused damage to the:

A  Prefrontal cortex   B.  Postcentral gyrus   C.  Occipital lobe   D.  Limbic system   E.  Cerebral neclei

 

  1. Graded potentials

A  Produce an effect that increases with distance from the point of stimulation

B  Produce an effect that spreads actively across the membrane surface without diminishing

C  May be either a depolarization or a hyperpolarization

D  Are often all or none   E.  Always cause repolarization

 

  1. ______ account for roughly half of the volume of the nervous system

A   Axons   B.  Dendrites   C.  Neuroglia   D.  Synapes   E.  Efferent fibers

 

  1. Many medications introduced into the bloodstream cannot directly affect the neurons of the CNS because

A  Oligodendrocytes form a continuous myelin sheath around the axons

  1. The neurolemma is impermeable to most molecules forming a blood-brain barrier
  2. The astrocytes isolate the CNS by forming a blood-brain barrier
  3. Ependymal cells restrict the flow of interstitial fluid between the capillaries and the neurons
  4. Schwan cells form a capsule around neurons

 

  1. The sensory (afferent) division of PNS
    1. Transmits action potentials to sensory organs
    2. Transmits action potentials to the CNS
    3. Stimulates glands to release hormones
    4. Stimulates muscle contractions
    5. Does not involve sensory receptors

 

  1. The motor (efferent) division of the PNS
    1. Is a division of the CNS
    2. Regulates the digestion of food
    3. Transmits impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle
    4. Has cell bodies located in ganglia near the spinal cord and brain
    5. Detects a stimulus

 

  1. The autonomic nervous system (ANS)
    1. Has one set of neuron in a series
    2. Stimulates skeletal muscle contractions
    3. Is involved in problem solving
    4. Has two sets of neurons in a series
    5. Stimulates cardiac muscle contractions

 

  1. The central nervous system
    1. Is totally involuntary
    2. Does not interact with the PNS
    3. Consists of 43 pairs of nerves
    4. Is made up of many cranial nerves
    5. Is the site for processing information

 

  1. A neuroglial cell that is a major component of the blood-brain barrier is the
  1. Microglial cell  B. Astrocyte   C.  Oligodendrocyte   D.  Ependymal cell   E.  Macrophage

 

  1. Which is not a neuroglial cell of the CNS?

A   Microglial cell   B.  Astrocyte   C.  Oligodendrocyte   D.   Ependymal cell   E.  Schwann cell

 

  1. Neurons that have a single axon and a single dendrite are
  1. Unipolar    B.   Multipolar    C.   Bipolar    D.   Monopolar    E.  Pseudopolar
  1. Which neuroglial wraps myelin sheath around an axon?
  1. Microglial cell B.  Astrocyte   C.  Schwann cell   D.   Ependymal cell   E.  Satelite cell

 

  1. Gaps or interruptions in the myelin sheath are called
  1. Internodes B.  Tight junctions   C.  Neurofilaments   D.  Nodes of Ranvier   E.  Gap junctions

 

  1. The _____ provides the principal link between the nervous and endocrine systems

A   Pons   B.  Hypothalamus   C.  Cerebrum   D.  Medulla oblongata   E.  Cerebellum